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		<lastmod>2022-06-06T12:33:49+00:00</lastmod>
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		<lastmod>2018-03-13T16:37:05+00:00</lastmod>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-map-1.1.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 1.1. Migration Routes from Germany to Russia (Keller, The German Colonies in South Russia 1804-1904, 1968. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.) Page 9]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new map 1.1]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-map-1.2.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 1.2. German Settlements on the Volga (The Roll “Fame” Family website). Page 16]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new map 1.2]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-Map-1.3.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 1.3. Mennonite Settlements in the Southeastern Ukraine (Giesinger, From Catherine to Khrushchev: The Story of Russia’s Germans. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.) Page 21]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new Map 1.3]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-Map-1.4.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 1.4. German Settlements in the Black Sea Region, Russia (Giesinger, From Catherine to Khrushchev: The Story of Russia’s Germans. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.) Page 24]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new Map 1.4]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-Map-1.5.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 1.5 Province of Volhynia, Ukraine (The Roll “Fame” Family website). Page 25]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new Map 1.5]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_map-1.6.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 1.6 German Settlements in Southern Russia and the Caucasus (Stumpp, The Emigration from Germany to Russia in the Years 1763 to 1862, 1973. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.) Page 26]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag map 1.6]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-Map-2.7.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 2.7. German settlements in the North Caucasus. (Giesinger, From Catherine to Khrushchev. Permission to reprint granted by the publisher.)   
Page 57]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new Map 2.7]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_Map-4.8.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 4.8. Borders resulting from the Brest-Litovsk Treaty between the Central Powers and the Soviet Union (Wikimedia Commons). Page 100]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag Map 4.8]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_map4.9.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 4.9. Russian famine areas in the autumn of 1921 (Wikimedia Commons). Page 106]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag map4.9]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-Map-6.10.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 6.10. The Curzon Line, 1939–1940 (Wikimedia Commons) Page 152]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new Map 6.10]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-map-6.11.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 6.11. The division of Eastern Europe after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 23, 1939, and subsequent amendments (Wikimedia Commons). Page 157]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new map 6.11]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-map-7.12.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 7.12. Map of the special settlements in the USSR as of July 1,1950. The number of people in each settlement is indicated after the name of the location. (Polian, Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migration in the USSR) Page 118]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new map 7.12]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-Map-7.13.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 7.13. Map of the principal forced labor camps of the Gulag system Page 118]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new Map 7.13]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-map-8.14.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 8.14. The “long trek” of the Black Sea Germans from their villages in South Ukraine to the Warthegau district in Poland. This map shows that portion done with wagons through the southern Ukraine, Romania, and Hungary, where they boarded trains in eastern Hungary, March 1944 ( Philipps, The Tragedy of the Soviet Germans. Permission to print by the Germans from Russia Heritage Society). Page 247]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new map 8.14]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/maps/thumbs/thumbs_new-Map-9.15.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Map 9.15. The German exile settlement areas in Siberia and Central Asia (Giesinger, From Catherine to Khrushchev. Permission to print by the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia). Page 270]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Voices From the Gulag new Map 9.15]]></image:caption>
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		<lastmod>2018-04-05T22:14:48+00:00</lastmod>
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		<lastmod>2021-08-19T15:54:11+00:00</lastmod>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Leon-Trotsky-haranguing-the-Red-Guard-1918.jpg</image:loc>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/White-Russian-troops-marching-March-1920.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[voices from the gulag]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/US-troops-marching-in-occupied-Vladivostok-August-1918.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[voices from the gulag]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/General-Nicolai-Yudenich.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[voices from the gulag]]></image:caption>
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			<image:caption><![CDATA[voices from the gulag]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Stalin-Yezhov.jpg</image:loc>
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			<image:caption><![CDATA[voices from the gulag]]></image:caption>
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			<image:caption><![CDATA[voices from the gulag]]></image:caption>
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			<image:caption><![CDATA[voices from the gulag]]></image:caption>
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		<lastmod>2022-06-06T12:45:03+00:00</lastmod>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/book-cover.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[German Russians]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[voices from the gulag]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/book-cover.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Germans from Russia]]></image:caption>
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	<url>
		<loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/about-the-author-ulrich-merten/</loc>
		<lastmod>2022-06-06T12:53:12+00:00</lastmod>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/photo-for-web-site.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Ulrich Merten]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Ulrich Merten]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/photo-for-web-site.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Ulrich Merten]]></image:caption>
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	</url>
	<url>
		<loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/pictures/</loc>
		<lastmod>2022-06-06T12:58:04+00:00</lastmod>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_Illustration-1.1.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 1.1. Catherine II, Portrait by Albert Albertandi, 1770 (Wikipedia Commons). Page 16]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Catherine II; Portrait by Albert Albertandi, 1770]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_ulmer.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 1.2. The Ulmer Schachtel was a type of boat used by German emigrants to go down the Danube to the Black Sea and from there, by land, to Russia. (Wikipedia Commons) Page 18]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Ulmer Schachtel]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_image-1.3.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 1.3. Zemlyanka is the name for a typical Russian dugout earth dwelling (Norka website). Norka was a German colony in the Volga region of Russia southwest of Saratov. Page 20]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Zemlyanka, a typical Russian dugout earth dwelling.]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_2.4.gif</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 2.4. The city of Saratov, capital of the lower Volga region. In 1767, colonists arrived in Saratov. (Antique print of Saratov in the year 1711 by Cornelis de Bruijn. From the collection of Steven Schreiber, Portland, Oregon.) Page 34]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[The city of Saratov: capital of the lower Volga region]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_image-2.5.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 2.5. The German Volga colony of Norka (Painting titled “Norka, Russia” by Michael Boss. From the collection of Steven Schreiber, Portland , Oregon. ). Page 35]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[The German Volga colony of Norka]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_2.6.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 2.6. A farmhouse in the colony of Worms/Odessa in the Black Sea region. (Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, North Dakota State University Libraries. Photograph reprinted by permission of the publisher.) Page 37]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[A farm house in the colony of Worms/Odessa in the Black Sea region]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_Illustration-2.7.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 2.7. Central School at Landau, South Ukraine, during Soviet times (Philipps, The Germans Under the Tsars, Lenin, and Stalin. Photograph reprinted by permission of the publisher.) Page 52]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[School at Landau, South Ukraine]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_image-2point8.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 2.8. German Lutheran church in Grimm in the Volga colonies. It was built in 1848 in the Kontor neoclassical style of the church officials in Saratov (The Sidney
Heitman Germans from Russia Collection, Colorado State University Libraries. Permission to reprint granted by the publisher). Page 56]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[German Lutheran church in Grimm in the Volga colonies.]]></image:caption>
		</image:image>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_german-russian-officers.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 3.9. Photograph circa 1893 of German Russian officers in czarist military uniform. They appear to belong to a guards infantry regiment. (Photograph by permission of the Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, North Dakota State University Libraries, http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc). Page 65]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Illustration #3.9: Photograph circa 1893 of German Russian officers in Czarist military uniform.]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_russian-soldiers-in-trench.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration # 3.10:Russian soldiers in trenches on the Caucasus front, Winter, 1915 .
Illustration 3.10. Russian soldiers in trenches on the Caucasus front, winter 1915. It is interesting to note that the majority of the Russian soldiers do not appear to have weapons (Wikimedia Commons). Page 79]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[russian soldiers in trench.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_Illustration4.11.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration #4.11: A White Army infantry division marching in March 1920
Illustration 4.11. A White Army infantry division marching in March 1920 (Wikimedia Commons). Page 101]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Illustration4.11.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_famine-russia.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 4.12. Famine victims in Russia 1921 in the corner of the cemetery in Buzuluk, Volga Region, next to Saratov (Wikimedia Commons). Page 110]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[famine russia.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_volga-german-refugees.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 4.13. Volga German refugees arriving at the German port of Swinemünde, 1929 (Wikimedia Commons). Page 112]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[volga german refugees.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_pic-4.14.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 4.14. German refugees from Russia in a German transit camp in Kiel in 1929. From there, the German government sent them on to Canada. This was most likely a Mennonite family (Wikimedia Commons). Page 112]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[Illustration #4.14: German refugees from Russia in a German transit camp in Kiel in 1929.]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_solovetsky-monastery.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 5.15. Solovetsky monastery, site of the Solovki concentration camp on Solovetsky Island in the White Sea (Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin; Wikipedia Commons). Page 116]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[solovetsky monastery.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_slave-labor-1.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 5.16; Slave labor building the White Sea–Baltic Canal, 1931–1933 
(Wikimedia Commons). Page 125]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[slave labor 1.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_slave-labor-2.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 5.17; Slave labor building the White Sea–Baltic Canal, 1931–1933 
(Wikimedia Commons). Page 125]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[slave labor 2.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_german-evacuees.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 6.18. Bessarabian German evacuees in Galatz, Romania, on the way to Germany before traveling by ship up the Danube River, October 1940 (Wikimedia Commons). Page 156]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[german evacuees.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_poles-expelled.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 6.19. Poles being expelled from the Warthegau, the former Polish province of Poznan, in 1939 by the German army (Wikimedia Commons). Page 157]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[poles expelled.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_pulling-plow.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 7.20. Exiled German women pulling plow at a collective farm in Siberia or Central Asia, most likely in a special settlement (Philipps, The Tragedy of the Soviet Germans. Permission by the Germans from Russia Heritage Society). Page 201]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[pulling plow.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_mud-hut.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 7.21. A mud hut constructed by Volga Germans in exiles somewhere in Siberia or Central Asia (Wikimedia Commons). Page 202]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[mud hut.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_3-drawings.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[The following are three scenes from the Vorkuta concentration camp, located in the Komi Autonomous Republic near the Arctic Ocean. Vorkuta, is in the Pechora coal basin, and was one of the most notorious of the forced labor camps in the Gulag system. Page 219]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[3 drawings.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_drawing-7.22.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 7.22. “Those unable to work get even smaller rations than the others. They dedicate themselves to emptying of latrines and simpler household tasks. But their main task is to bury each other. Burials are part of the daily routine. Before the prisoner is placed in his simple wooden box an autopsy is performed. An officer, the one in charge of the burial detail, must always make sure that the prisoner is truly dead by checking the autopsy cuts.” The artist is Gunnulf Björkman of Mariefred, Sweden; this drawing and caption appeared in the former Swedish magazine Nutid. Page 219]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[drawing 7.22.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_drawing-7.23.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 7.23. “In the evenings the slave workers collapse into bed and sleep as if dead, in spite of the continuously running loudspeakers that almost around the clock pour out Radio Moscow broadcasts. Each barracks holds 120–150 men. They sleep on wooden cots that are so narrow that the prisoners almost always have to sleep on their sides.” The artist is Gunnulf Björkman of Mariefred, Sweden; this drawing and caption appeared in the former Swedish magazine Nutid. Page 219]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[drawing 7.23.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_drawing-7.24.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 7.24. “Checking the autopsy cuts is a replacement method for the method applied in prior years in Vorkuta. In those days 20, 30 or even more died daily. When the bodies were lined up on a sled in front of the guardhouse, with their feet sticking out one side and their heads the other, the office in charge did not have the time to check every body. Therefore a guard was given the task of bashing their skulls in with a hammer, so if someone happened to be not entirely dead yet, he was now sure to be.” The artist is Gunnulf Björkman of Mariefred, Sweden; this drawing and caption appeared in the former Swedish magazine Nutid. Page 219]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[drawing 7.24.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_picture-8.25.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 8.25. Copy of an order on August 15, 1941, from the 11th German Army Commander. The order said that ethnic Germans in the Wehrmacht-occupied Ukraine are under the protection of the German Army and that anyone who commits crimes against them will be shot (Buchsweiler, Volksdeutsche in der Ukraine am Vorabend und Beginn des Zweiten Weltkiegs, ein Fall doppelter Loyalität?). Page 228]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[picture 8.25.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_executions.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 8.26. Executions of Kiev Jews by German army mobile killing units (Einsatzgruppen) near Ivangorod, Ukraine, 1942. This picture shows a woman attempting to protect her child (Wikimedia Commons). Page 245]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[executions.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_germans-passing-through-hungary.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 8.27. Trek of the Black Sea Germans passing through Hungary on the way to the Warthegau, Poland, April 1944 (Wikimedia Commons). Page 246]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[germans passing through hungary.jpg]]></image:caption>
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			<image:loc>https://www.voicesfromthegulag.com/wp-content/gallery/illustrations/thumbs/thumbs_refugee-camp.jpg</image:loc>
			<image:title><![CDATA[Illustration 9.28. The Friedland Refugee camp in Lower Saxony, Germany (Wikimedia Commons). Page 284]]></image:title>
			<image:caption><![CDATA[refugee camp.jpg]]></image:caption>
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